El Proyecto de Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación (PPEF), es el instrumento que especifica el monto y el destino de los recursos que el gobierno estima necesarios en el ejercicio fiscal siguiente para obtener los resultados que se propone. La Cámara de Diputados tiene la facultad de revisar y aprobar el PPEF[1]. En el Proyecto de Presupuesto se propone el gasto público que ejercerá el Gobierno federal entre el 1° de enero y el 31 de diciembre del año siguiente que corresponda. El PPEF permite conocer realmente cuales son las prioridades del Gobierno federal.
En este texto –con base en el PPEF 2021– analizaré cuáles son las prioridades de la administración actual en la Educación Media Superior (EMS). El gasto de la EMS[2] crece en términos reales 2.3 por ciento. Significa que entre 2020 y 2021, el gasto pasaría de $110,059 millones de pesos a $112,546 millones de pesos, una vez descontada la inflación. Esto equivale a un incremento absoluto de $2,487 millones de pesos.
Fondos o programas de la EMS con más recursos
En el periodo 2018 y 2021, hay cuatro renglones que representan el 99.6 por ciento del presupuesto asignado a la Educación Media Superior. Tres de estos cuatro renglones tienen caídas reales que van de 0.3 a 2.5 por ciento. Los tres renglones con disminuciones son Servicios de Educación Media Superior; Subsidios para Organismos Descentralizados Estatales y Normalización y Certificación en Competencias Laborales.
*Datos del PPEF 2021
Fuentes:
Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2018 a 2020. SCHP.
Proyecto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2021. SCHP.
El cuarto y único renglón con una un aumento propuesto en el PPEF 2021 es el integrado por los programas de becas. Claramente para esta administración resulta prioritario distribuir recursos en efectivo por medio de las becas para alumnos de la EMS. Entre 2020 y 2021, los recursos de becas para la EMS crecerían en 10.6 por ciento, es decir, $3,193 millones de pesos (reales). Entre 2018 y 2021, destaca que los fondos para los programas de becas crecerían en 102.4 por ciento; que equivalen a $16,853 millones de pesos reales. Con estos recursos se universalizarían las becas en la EMS pública.
Debido a la importancia del incremento en los recursos asignados a los programas de becas, más adelante ahondaremos en el tema. A continuación, analizaremos los programas de la EMS que pierden recursos en el Proyecto de Presupuesto 2021.
Programas o fondos de la EMS que pierden recursos
Frente a un presupuesto para la educación que prácticamente no crece, la mayor asignación de recursos para las becas de EMS implica que otros programas tengan disminuciones, inclusive en la propia EMS. Son seis los programas que verían disminuido su presupuesto para el 2021.
Entre el PEF 2020 y el PPEF 2021, el Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente es el que registraría la caída más pronunciada: –51.6 por ciento. Equivale a una caída de $22.1 millones de pesos reales.
Fuentes:
Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2020. SCHP.
Proyecto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2021. SCHP.
El fondo para la Investigación Científica y Desarrollo Tecnológico es el segundo fondo con una variación negativa, 35.9 por porciento. La tercera posición es para el fondo para el Diseño de la Política Educativa con un decremento de 29.3 por ciento, es decir, $37.7 millones de pesos menos. Llama la atención que se reduzcan recursos a programas de personas en situaciones vulnerables como el Programa Atención de Planteles Federales de Educación Media Superior con estudiantes con discapacidad que vería disminuidos sus recursos en 7.6 millones de pesos, es decir, 22.6 por ciento menos con respecto al PEF 2020.
Programas o fondos de la EMS que desaparecen
En 2021, según el Proyecto de Presupuesto desaparecerían tres programas de la EMS. El de mayor envergadura sería el programa de Expansión de la Educación Media Superior y Superior. Este fondo destina recursos para que los organismos de educación media superior y superior puedan abrir nuevos espacios educativos a fin de atender a más alumnos.
N.A. No Aplica
Cálculos propios con base en las fuentes.
Fuentes:
Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2018 a 2020. SCHP.
Proyecto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación 2021. SCHP.
Es claro que el actual Gobierno apuesta a las becas por encima de la ampliación y el mejoramiento de los servicios de la EMS. Aunque dar becas sea una noble acción, habría que preguntarse si universalizarlas es la mejor política cuando que existen faltantes en la oferta y en la calidad de los servicios.
Programas de becas en la EMS
El Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) publicó la Evaluación de Diseño con Trabajo de Campo 2019-2020 realizada a 17 programas sociales prioritarios, entre ellos los programas de becas para la EMS: Programa Beca Universal para Estudiantes de Educación Media Superior Benito Juárez y el Programa Becas Elisa Acuña.
La Evaluación de Diseño con Trabajo de Campo 2019-2020 al Programa Beca Universal para Estudiantes de Educación Media Superior Benito Juárez muestra que, de acuerdo con el diagnóstico, el problema que busca revertir el programa de becas es la dificultad que presentan las y los jóvenes para permanecer en las Instituciones Públicas de Educación Media Superior (IPEMS). Las Reglas de Operación 2020 establecen que la población susceptible de recibir el apoyo -población objetivo- se conforma por los alumnos/as inscritos en alguna de las IPEMS en su modalidad escolarizada o mixta o en otras instituciones de educación media superior de modalidad escolarizada, ubicadas en localidades o municipios indígenas, localidades o municipios de alta o muy alta marginación o en Zonas de Atención Prioritaria (ZAP), permanezcan y concluyan sus estudios mediante una beca educativa de $800 pesos mensuales por un periodo de 10 meses, equivalente a un ciclo escolar (CONEVAL, 2020[3])
El PEF 2019 para el programa fue de 17,280 millones de pesos, pero hubo un incremento en el año para llevar el gasto a 25,049 millones de pesos. En el PEF 2020 el presupuesto fue de 28,995 millones de pesos, lo que representó un incremento nominal de 68 por ciento con respecto a 2019. En ese año fueron beneficiados un total de 5,319,776 becarios, lo que representó 171 por ciento de la meta original establecida para 2019, que fue de 3.1 millones de becarios (CONEVAL, 2020). Con el incremento propuesto para 2021 se universalizaría la beca en la EMS pública.
El Programa Becas Elisa Acuña tiene como fin impulsar a quienes desean continuar su formación académica o profesionalización docente, hacer su servicio social, realizar estudios en el extranjero, e iniciar o concluir su titulación. Los beneficiarios son estudiantes, egresados, docentes y personal académico de Sistema Educativo Nacional (SEN). El monto que corresponde es de $2,000 pesos mensuales[4] de acuerdo con el mes de postulación y aceptación. Esta beca de manutención es la más importante del programa ya que representa cerca de 95 por ciento del total de apoyo. Si consideramos que los beneficiarios son adultos que pertenecen o formaron parte del SEN no debería considerarse como una inversión en la educación obligatoria.
En síntesis, en un ambiente de fuerte restricción presupuestal tendría que fundamentarse la decisión de universalizar las becas versus la necesidad de ampliación y mejoramiento de la oferta educativa. Focalizar las becas para beneficiar a quienes realmente las necesitan y que haya fondos para ampliar y mejorar la oferta podría ser posible. Un rediseño en la distribución de los recursos a la EMS en el PPEF 2021 tendría que hacer compatibles los propósitos de apoyar a los jóvenes que necesiten las becas y de contar con una oferta educativa suficiente que les ofrezca la educación que requieren. Adicionalmente, contribuiría a no ocasionar daños a programas educativos esenciales que han contribuido al adecuado funcionamiento del SEN.
_______________________________
[1]La Cámara de Diputados autoriza el presupuesto a través del Decreto Aprobatorio del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación (PEF), el cual se publica en el Diario Oficial de la Federación a más tardar el 31 de diciembre y es de observancia obligatoria para todas las instituciones del gobierno federal.
[2]En el PPEF 2021 y el PEF 2020, la EMS es el único tipo de educación que registra un crecimiento real. El presupuesto para la educación básica cae en 3.2 por ciento; los recursos que se asignarían a la educación superior no tienen variación real y los recursos destinados a posgrado caen en 0.1 por ciento.
[3]CONEVAL, 2020. COMUNICADO No. 13. Avances y Retos del Programa Beca Universal para Estudiantes de Educación Media Superior. Ciudad de México, 18 de julio de 2020. CONEVAL.
[4] Fuente: https://www.becasmediasuperior.sep.gob.mx
Créditos de la imagen destacada:
Imagen de Hamed Mehrnik en Pixabay
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